By Michelle Ndaga
As President William Ruto approaches the third anniversary of his term, Kenya has witnessed a surge of youth-led activism, known as the Maandamano movement, that has both challenged and shaped his administration’s priorities. Generation Z has emerged as a vocal force demanding accountability, economic relief, and political reforms, highlighting the gaps between campaign promises and public expectations.
The protests were led predominantly by Kenyan youth aged 18–28, organized through social media campaigns like #RejectFinanceBill2024 and #RutoMustGo. Activists and youth organizations pushed for greater transparency in governance and accountability from both the executive and law enforcement agencies.
The demonstrations targeted key grievances, including the Finance Bill 2024, perceived as increasing the tax burden on ordinary citizens, and the high cost of living, which has persisted despite Ruto’s economic initiatives under the Bottom-Up Economic Model. Protesters also demanded police accountability, following reports of excessive force during previous demonstrations. The unrest underscores generational frustration over unemployment and the slow pace of reforms promised in Ruto’s 2022 campaign, including job creation, affordable housing, and youth empowerment programs.
- June–July 2024: Nationwide protests erupted in Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, and Eldoret.
- Late 2024–2025: Smaller but persistent demonstrations continued, coinciding with key policy debates in Parliament.
Protests were organized largely via digital platforms, including social media and messaging apps, while street marches and sit-ins amplified the youth’s message. While many demonstrations were peaceful, some escalated into clashes with law enforcement, leading to arrests and fatalities
- Casualties: At least 57 deaths occurred during the initial protests, with total fatalities surpassing 100 by mid-2025.
- Policy Response: The unrest accelerated Ruto’s engagement with reforms outlined in the NADCO report, addressing electoral justice, police oversight, and youth inclusion.
- Political Implications: The protests highlighted the necessity for bipartisan cooperation, contributing to the historic Karen joint parliamentary group meeting in August 2025, co-chaired with opposition leader Raila Odinga.
The Maandamano movement has thus become a defining feature of Ruto’s presidency, testing his administration’s responsiveness, political agility, and commitment to youth engagement. Analysts note that how he addresses these generational concerns will shape Kenya’s political and economic landscape for the remainder of his term.
